"since this question affects vital interest and is of primary importance to Italian security and civilization" it "would be failing in its most elementary duty, 1934, 1934. In the interval between these two dates, 1935, 1935. It will be sufficient if I quote a few of the conclusions of that report Nos. 24, 1935. the 52 nations who are listening to me today gave me an assurance that the aggressor would not triumph, 1935? I noted with grief, 1936, 25 and 26 "The Italian memorandum (containing the complaints made by Italy) was laid on the Council table on September 4th, a fine, a member of the League of Nations, a small people of twelve million inhabitants, after having himself fought at the head of his armies. I pray to Almighty God that He may spare nations the terrible sufferings that have just been inflicted on my people, am here today to claim that justice which is due to my people, amongst them the most influential members of the League of Nations, and, and barrels upon the ground were themselves a warning to troops and to the population of the danger. It was at the time when the operations for the encircling of Makalle were taking place that the Italian command, and forced Emperor Haile Selassie into exile first in Palestine and eventually in Great Britain. On June 30, and I should struggle solely for the independence and integrity of my people, and in particular to establish relations of good neighborliness with adjacent powers. In particular I succeeded in concluding with Italy the Treaty of Friendship of 1928, and munitions. Forced to Mobilize On October 3rd, and of which the chiefs who accompany me here have been the horrified witnesses. It is my duty to inform the Governments assembled in Geneva, and on faith of which I directed the resistance of my people against the aggressor whom they had denounced to the world. Despite the inferiority of my weapons, and that force would end by being compelled to bow before right. In December, and that in that struggle I was the defender of the cause of all small States exposed to the greed of a powerful neighbor. In October, and that is the case with certain small countries in Europe. When the danger became more urgent, and that is why I personally refused all proposals to my personal advantage made to me by the Italian Government, and the assistance promised to it eight months ago, and the use of barbarous methods of warfare, and to which it was devoting all its strength and all its heart. Wal-Wal Pretext The Wal-Wal incident, and under no circumstances could sanctions that were intentionally inadequate, and up to October 3rd, are States going to set up the terrible precedent of bowing before force? Your Assembly will doubtless have laid before it proposals for the reform of the Covenant and for rendering more effective the guarantee of collective security. Is it the Covenant, arms, artillery, as from the end of January, as in the subsequent incidents, as it has today openly proclaimed, as it was its duty to do in virtue of its signature appended to Article 15 of the Covenant, because the Italian Government would not agree to such a course. It asked the Council to dispatch neutral observers and offered to lend itself to any enquiries upon which the Council might decide. Once the Wal-Wal dispute had been settled by arbitration, being aware of my responsibilities towards my people, but there is not even neutrality since Article 16 lays upon every State Member of the League the duty not to remain a neutral but to come to the aid not of the aggressor but of the victim of aggression. Has the Covenant been respected? Is it today being , but without surprise that three Powers considered their undertakings under the Covenant as absolutely of no value. Their connections with Italy impelled them to refuse to take any measures whatsoever in order to stop Italian aggression. On the contrary, by describing to them the fate which has been suffered by Ethiopia. It is not only upon warriors that the Italian Government has made war. It has above all attacked populations far removed from hostilities, came as a thunderbolt to me. The Italian provocation was obvious and I did not hesitate to appeal to the League of Nations. I invoked the provisions of the treaty of 1928, cattle, caused my troops to withdraw thirty kilometers so as to remove any pretext of provocation. War then took place in the atrocious conditions which I have laid before the Assembly. In that unequal struggle between a Government commanding more than forty-tw, children, considered the aggressor as having committed an act of war personally directed against itself? I had placed all my hopes in the execution of these undertakings. My confidence had been confirmed by the repeated declarations made in the Council to the effe, contrary to the obligations of the Covenant, dated October 5th, death-dealing rain. Groups of nine, did it not cease once and for all to place any confidence in Ethiopia, direct and immediate interest involved? No subtlety can change the problem or shift the grounds of the discussion. It is in all sincerity that I submit these considerations to the Assembly. At a time when my people are threatened with extermination, drew attention to the official pronouncements made in Italy which, during the first six months of 1935 I tried to acquire armaments. Many Governments proclaimed an embargo to prevent my doing so, eighteen aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, either as Heir Apparent, Emperor of Ethiopia, Emperor Selassie came before the League of Nations in Geneva, even in times of peace, fearing a rout, fifteen, followed the procedure which it is now my duty to denounce to the world. Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could vaporize, following the example of a great country in Europe on the eve of the Great War, given additional guarantees of security which would enable it to achieve further progress along the specific path of reform on which it had set its feet, had protested against the proposal to dismember Ethiopia. It was constantly repeated that there was not merely a conflict between the Italian Government and the League of Nadons, Haile Selassie I, has exerted a great influence over the course of events. Ethiopia and the whole world have suffered and are still suffering today its disastrous consequences. This first violation of the Covenant was followed by many others. Feeling itself encouraged in, has never ceased to prepare for the conquest of Ethiopia. The Treaties of Friendship it signed with me were not sincere, has tirelessly used all its efforts to prevent its observance. As soon as any measure which was likely to be rapidly effective was proposed, having at its disposal financial, hospital services, however, I ask what measures do you intend to take? Representatives of the World I have come to Geneva to discharge in your midst the most painful of the duties of the head of a State. What reply shall I have to take back to my people?" , I had made no preparation for war, I have never ceased to use all my efforts to bring my country the benefits of civilization, I request the Assembly to take all measures proper to ensure respect for the Covenant. I renew my protest against the violations of treaties of which the Ethiopian people has been the victim. I declare in the face of the whole world that the Emperor, I urged the procedure of conciliation and arbitration. Unhappily for Ethiopia this was the time when a certain Government considered that the European situation made it imperative at all costs to obtain the friendship of Italy. The price paid was the aba, if it should bow before the accomplished fact. Is it necessary to remind the Assembly of the various stages of the Ethiopian drama? For 20 years past, if not the only means of supply of the Italian armies of occupation. The rules of neutrality should have prohibited transports intended for Italian forces, if only I would betray my people and the Covenant of the League of Nations. I was defending the cause of all small peoples who are threatened with aggression. What of Promises? What have become of the promises made to me as long ago as October, in all directness such as is demanded by the rule of equality as between all States Members of the League? Apart from the Kingdom of the Lord there is not on this earth any nation that is superior to any other. Should it happen that a strong Government , in all parts of the world, in December, in its opinion, in order to more surely to poison waters and pastures, in order to terrorize and exterminate them. At the beginning, in practice, in these solemn treaties, in violation of the most solemn promises made by the nations of the earth that there should not be used against innocent human beings the terrible poison of harmful gases. It is to defend a people struggling for its age-old independence that the head of , including the most powerful in the world, industrial and technical means which enabled it to create unlimited quantities of the most death-dealing weapons, intentionally badly applied, is the meaning of Article 16 of the Covenant and of collective security? The Ethiopian Government's use of the railway from Djibouti to Addis Ababa was in practice a hazardous regards transport of arms intended for the Ethiopian forces. At the present m, it is international morality that is at stake. Have the signatures appended to a Treaty value only in so far as the signatory Powers have a personal, it is my painful duty to note that the initiative has today been taken with a view to raising sanctions. Does this initiative not mean in practice the abandonment of Ethiopia to the aggressor? On the very eve of the day when I was about to attempt a sup, it was a profound disappointment to me to learn the attitude of a certain Government which, it was deceiving the whole world. The Ethiopian Government was, Italian aircraft hurled upon my armies bombs of tear-gas. Their effects were but slight. The soldiers learned to scatter, Italian armed forces invaded Ethiopia on October 3, lakes and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. In order to kill off systematically all living creatures, left no doubt "as to the hostile intentions of the Italian Government." From the outset of the dispute, may I be allowed to speak with complete frankness, might perhaps not overcome the resistance of my people to Italian domination. The time had to come, moreover, munitions, my confidence in the League was absolute. I thought it to be impossible that fifty-two nations, my delegates had not been witnesses. That is why I decided to come myself to bear witness against the crime perpetrated against my people and give Europe a warning of the doom that awaits it, no international responsibility was to be attributed to Ethiopia. Peace Efforts Following on this award. the Ethiopian Government sincerely thought that an era of friendly relations might be opened with Italy. I loyally offered my hand to the Roman Gove, of conciliation and arbitration. All kinds of obstacles were placed in the way of that procedure. Governments tried to prevent the Ethiopian Government from finding arbitrators amongst their nationals: when once the arbitral tribunal a was set up pressur, of the deadly peril which threatens them, of the details of the events which occurred after the month of December, on the contrary, on the other hand, or as Emperor, or otherwise the obligation laid upon small Powers to accept the bonds of vassalship. In a word, over vast areas of territory, provide for this tireless obstruction? The Ethiopian Government never expected other Governments to shed their soldiers' blood to defend the Covenant when their own immediately personal interests were not at stake. Ethiopian warriors asked only for mean, quickly defeated the Ethiopian Army, Regent of the Empire, reserving full liberty to adopt any measures that may become necessary to ensure the safety of its colonies and to safeguard its own interests." Covenant Violated Those are the terms of the report of the Committee of Thirteen, responsible as they are for the lives of millions of men, rivers, should be successfully opposed by a single aggressor. Counting on the faith due to treaties, soldiers, stop an aggressor. This is not a case of the impossibility of stopping an aggressor but of the refusal to stop an aggressor. When Ethiopia requested and requests that she should be given financial assistance, substituting for force and pressure the conciliation and arbitration on which civilized nations have based international order. Country More United In its report of October 5th 193S, Switzerland to plead for assistance. He decried the use of poison gas which killed civilians and soldiers alike and at the end said, that it was imposed upon me, that since the aggressor has succeeded in occupying a large part of Ethiopian territory they propose not to continue the application of any economic and financial measures that may have been decided upon against the Italian Government. These are the circ, that the resources of the Covenant would be employed in order to ensure the reign of right and the failure of violence. I ask the fifty-two nations not to forget today the policy upon which they embarked eight months ago, that they maintain their claims that they will use all means in their power to ensure the triumph of right and the respect of the Covenant. I ask the fifty-two nations, the Assembly of the League of Nations meets to consider the situation created by Italian aggression. I assert that the problem submitted to the Assembly today is a much wider one. It is not merely a question of the settlement of Italian aggression. Leag, the Committee of Thirteen recognized my effort and the results that I had achieved. The Governments thought that the entry of Ethiopia into the League, the complete lack of aircraft, The Council and the Assembly unanimously adopted the conclusion that the Italian Government had violated the Covenant and was in a state of aggression. I did not hesitate to declare that I did not wish for war, the Council made it quite clear that its feelings were in harmony with those of hundreds of millions of people who, the country is more united and the central power is better obeyed. I should have procured still greater results for my people if obstacles of every kind had not been put in the way by the Italian Government, the dispatch of Italian troops to East Africa was proceeding. These shipments of troops were represented to the Council by the Italian Government as necessary for the defense of its colonies menaced by Ethiopia's preparations. Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Government assented. It invariably stated that it would faithfully carry out the arbitral award even if the decision went against it. It agreed that the question of the ownership of Wal-Wal should not be dealt with by the arbitrators, the Ethiopian Government has sought a settlement by peaceful means. It has appealed to the procedures of the Covenant. The Italian Government desiring to keep strictly to the procedures of the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928, the Government and the people of Ethiopia will not bow before force, the Government which stirred up revolt and armed the rebels. Indeed the Rome Government, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was its chief method of warfare. Ravage and Terror The very refinement of barbarism consisted in carrying ravage and terror into the most densely populated parts of the territory, the Italian Government opposed the consideration of the question by the Council on the ground that the only appropriate procedure was that provided for in the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928. Throughout the whole of that period, the Italian Government submitted its detailed memorandum to the Council in support of its claim to liberty of action. It asserted that a case like that of Ethiopia cannot be settled by the means provided by the Covenant. It stated that, the Italian troops invaded my territory. A few hours later only I decreed general mobilization. In my desire to maintain peace I had, the liquid affected only a few soldiers, the points farthest removed from the scene of hostilities. The object was to scatter fear and death over a great part of the Ethiopian territory. These fearful tactics succeeded. Men and animals succumbed. The deadly rain that fell from the aircraft made, the principles of the Covenant, the Rome Government feverishly made war preparations, the victims of the Italian mustard gas fell. It is in order to denounce to the civilized world the tortures inflicted upon the Ethiopian people that I resolved to come to Geneva. None other than myself and my brave companions in arms could bring the Lea, their only object was to hide its real intention from me. The Italian Government asserts that for 14 years it has been preparing for its present conquest. It therefore recognizes today that when it supported the admission of Ethiopia to the League of Na, then, then the hour strikes for that weak people to appeal to the League of Nations to give its judgment in all freedom. God and history will remember your judgment. Assistance Refused I have heard it asserted that the inadequate sanctions already applied hav, there has never before been an example of any Government proceeding to the systematic extermination of a nation by barbarous means, thinking that the concerted pressure which was beginning to be exerted on the Ethiopian Government, thus all sorts of difficulties were placed in the way with a view to breaking up the procedure, to force of arms, to two countries and exactly to two countries who have refused to apply sanctions against the aggressor? Faced by numerous violations by the Italian Government of all international treaties that prohibit resort to arms, towards the end of 1935, troops, two of whom were Italian officials, under any pretext whatsoever, various pretexts were devised in order to postpone even consideration of the measure. Did the secret agreements of January, waiting until the wind had rapidly dispersed the poisonous gases. The Italian aircraft then resorted to mustard gas. Barrels of liquid were hurled upon armed groups. But this means also was not effective, was given all facilities for transporting without cessation and without protest, was that a measure which it was impossible to apply whereas financial assistance of the League has been granted, were forced to recognize unanimously that in the Wal-Wal incident, what are they willing to do for Ethiopia? And the great Powers who have promised the guarantee of collective security to small States on whom weighs the threat that they may one day suffer the fate of Ethiopia, when fifty nations asserted that aggression had been committed in violation of international treaties. There is no precedent for a Head of State himself speaking in this assembly. But there is also no precedent for a people being victim of such injustic, when it concluded the Treaty of Friendship in 1928, when it signed the Pact of Paris outlawing war, when the support of the League may ward off the final blow, whereas Ethiopia's first appeal to the Council had been made on December 14th, whereas the Italian Government through the Suez Canal, which absolutely prohibited the resort, whilst ever protesting its scrupulous attachment to the Covenant, whilst giving that country a new guarantee for the maintenance of her territorial integrity and independence, who have given the Ethiopian people a promise to help them in their resistance to the aggressor, without arms, without resources having on its side only the justice of its own cause and the promise of the League of Nations. What real assistance was given to Ethiopia by the fifty two nations who had declared the Rome Government guilty of a breach of the Covenant a, without reticence, women, women and children, would help her to reach a higher level of civilization. It does not seem that in Ethiopia today there is more disorder and insecurity than in 1923. On the contrary, “I ask what measures do you intend to take? What reply shall I have to take back to my people?" The entire speech appears below. "I,Without warning
Without warning, Italian armed forces
invaded Ethiopia on October 3, 1935, quickly defeated the Ethiopian
Army, and forced Emperor Haile Selassie into exile first in
Palestine and eventually in Great Britain. On June 30, 1936,
Emperor Selassie ...
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